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Microelectronic
Circuits
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THE OXFORD SERIES IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Adel S. Sedra, Series Editor
Allen and Holberg, CMOS Analog Circuit Design, 3rd edition
Bobrow, Elementary Linear Circuit Analysis, 2nd edition
Bobrow, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, 2nd edition
Campbell, Fabrication Engineering at the Micro- and Nanoscale, 4th edition
Chen, Digital Signal Processing
Chen, Linear System Theory and Design, 4th edition
Chen, Signals and Systems, 3rd edition
Comer, Digital Logic and State Machine Design, 3rd edition
Comer, Microprocessor-Based System Design
Cooper and McGillem, Probabilistic Methods of Signal and System Analysis, 3rd edition
Dimitrijev, Principles of Semiconductor Device, 2nd edition
Dimitrijev, Understanding Semiconductor Devices
Fortney, Principles of Electronics: Analog & Digital
Franco, Electric Circuits Fundamentals
Ghausi, Electronic Devices and Circuits: Discrete and Integrated
Guru and Hiziroğlu, Electric Machinery and Transformers, 3rd edition
Houts, Signal Analysis in Linear Systems
Jones, Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication Systems
Krein, Elements of Power Electronics
Kuo, Digital Control Systems, 2nd edition
Lathi, Linear Systems and Signals, 2nd edition
Lathi and Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th edition
Lathi, Signal Processing and Linear Systems
Martin, Digital Integrated Circuit Design
Miner, Lines and Electromagnetic Fields for Engineers
Parhami, Computer Architecture
Parhami, Computer Arithmetic, 2nd edition
Roberts and Sedra, SPICE, 2nd edition
Roberts, Taenzler, and Burns, An Introduction to Mixed-Signal IC Test and Measurement,
2nd edition
Roulston, An Introduction to the Physics of Semiconductor Devices
Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, 6th edition
Santina, Stubberud, and Hostetter, Digital Control System Design, 2nd edition
Sarma, Introduction to Electrical Engineering
Schaumann, Xiao, and Van Valkenburg, Design of Analog Filters, 3rd edition
Schwarz and Oldham, Electrical Engineering: An Introduction, 2nd edition
Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 7th edition
Stefani, Shahian, Savant, and Hostetter, Design of Feedback Control Systems, 4th edition
Tsividis/McAndrew, Operation and Modeling of the MOS Transistor, 3rd edition
Van Valkenburg, Analog Filter Design
Warner and Grung, Semiconductor Device Electronics
Wolovich, Automatic Control Systems
Yariv and Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 6th edition
Żak, Systems and Control
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SEVENTH EDITION
Microelectronic
Circuits
Adel S. Sedra
University of Waterloo
Kenneth C. Smith
University of Toronto
New York
Oxford
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by
publishing worldwide.
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Copyright © 2015, 2010, 2004, 1998 by Oxford University Press;
1991, 1987 Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.; 1982 CBS College Publishing
For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education
Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the
latest information about pricing and alternate formats.
Published in the United States of America by
Oxford University Press
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http://www.oup.com
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sedra, Adel S., author.
Microelectronic circuits / Adel S. Sedra, University of Waterloo, Kenneth C. Smith,
University of Toronto. — Seventh edition.
pages cm. — (The Oxford series in electrical and computer engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–933913–6
1. Electronic circuits. 2. Integrated circuits. I. Smith,
Kenneth C. (Kenneth Carless), author. II. Title.
TK7867.S39 2014
621.3815—dc23 2014033965
Multisim and National Instruments are trademarks of National Instruments. The Sedra/Smith,
Microelectronic Circuits, Seventh Edition book is a product of Oxford University Press, not National
Instruments Corporation or any of its affiliated companies, and Oxford University Press is solely responsible for the Sedra/Smith book and its content. Neither Oxford University Press, the Sedra/Smith book, nor
any of the books and other goods and services offered by Oxford University Press are official publications
of National Instruments Corporation or any of its affiliated companies, and they are not affiliated with,
endorsed by, or sponsored by National Instruments Corporation or any of its affiliated companies.
OrCad and PSpice are trademarks of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. The Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic
Circuits, Seventh Edition book is a product of Oxford University Press, not Cadence Design Systems, Inc.,
or any of its affiliated companies, and Oxford University Press is solely responsible for the Sedra/Smith
book and its content. Neither Oxford University Press, the Sedra/Smith book, nor any of the books and
other goods and services offered by Oxford University Press are official publications of Cadence Design
Systems, Inc. or any of its affiliated companies, and they are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored
by Cadence Design Systems, Inc. or any of its affiliated companies.
Cover Photo: This 3D IC system demonstrates the concept of wireless power delivery and communication
through multiple layers of CMOS chips. The communication circuits were demonstrated in an IBM 45 nm
SOI CMOS process. This technology is designed to serve a multi-Gb/s interconnect between cores spread
across several IC layers for high-performance processors.
(Photo Credit: The picture is courtesy of Professor David Wentzloff, Director of the Wireless Integrated
Circuits Group at the University of Michigan, and was edited by Muhammad Faisal, Founder of
Movellus Circuits Incorporated.)
Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
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BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tables xvi
“Expand-Your-Perspective” Notes xvii
Preface xix
PART I DEVICES AND BASIC CIRCUITS 2
1 Signals and Amplifiers 4
2 Operational Amplifiers 58
3 Semiconductors 134
4 Diodes 174
5 MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)
6 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 304
7 Transistor Amplifiers 366
246
PART II INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT AMPLIFIERS 506
8 Building Blocks of Integrated-Circuit Amplifiers
9 Differential and Multistage Amplifiers 594
10 Frequency Response 696
11 Feedback 806
12 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 920
13 Operational Amplifier Circuits 994
508
PART III DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 1086
14 CMOS Digital Logic Circuits 1088
15 Advanced Topics in Digital Integrated-Circuit Design
16 Memory Circuits 1236
1166
PART IV FILTERS AND OSCILLATORS 1288
17 Filters and Tuned Amplifiers 1290
18 Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuits
1378
Appendices A–L
Index IN-1
v
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CONTENTS
Tables xvi
“Expand-Your-Perspective”
Notes xvii
Preface xix
DEVICES AND BASIC
CIRCUITS 2
PART I
1 Signals and Amplifiers 4
Introduction 5
1.1 Signals 6
1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals 9
1.3 Analog and Digital Signals 12
1.4 Amplifiers 15
1.4.1 Signal Amplification 15
1.4.2 Amplifier Circuit Symbol 16
1.4.3 Voltage Gain 17
1.4.4 Power Gain and Current Gain 17
1.4.5 Expressing Gain in Decibels 18
1.4.6 The Amplifier Power Supplies 18
1.4.7 Amplifier Saturation 21
1.4.8 Symbol Convention 22
1.5 Circuit Models for Amplifiers 23
1.5.1 Voltage Amplifiers 23
1.5.2 Cascaded Amplifiers 25
1.5.3 Other Amplifier Types 28
1.5.4 Relationships between the Four
Amplifier Models 28
1.5.5 Determining Ri and Ro 29
1.5.6 Unilateral Models 29
1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 33
1.6.1 Measuring the Amplifier
Frequency Response 33
1.6.2 Amplifier Bandwidth 34
1.6.3 Evaluating the Frequency
Response of Amplifiers 34
1.6.4 Single-Time-Constant Networks 35
1.6.5 Classification of Amplifiers Based on
Frequency Response 41
Summary 44
Problems 45
2 Operational Amplifiers 58
Introduction 59
2.1 The Ideal Op Amp 60
2.1.1 The Op-Amp Terminals 60
2.1.2 Function and Characteristics
of the Ideal Op Amp 61
2.1.3 Differential and Common-Mode
Signals 63
2.2 The Inverting Configuration 64
2.2.1 The Closed-Loop Gain 65
2.2.2 Effect of the Finite Open-Loop
Gain 67
2.2.3 Input and Output Resistances 68
2.2.4 An Important Application—The
Weighted Summer 71
2.3 The Noninverting Configuration 73
2.3.1 The Closed-Loop Gain 73
2.3.2 Effect of Finite Open-Loop
Gain 75
2.3.3 Input and Output Resistance 75
2.3.4 The Voltage Follower 75
2.4 Difference Amplifiers 77
2.4.1 A Single-Op-Amp Difference
Amplifier 78
2.4.2 A Superior Circuit—The
Instrumentation Amplifier 82
2.5 Integrators and Differentiators 87
2.5.1 The Inverting Configuration with
General Impedances 87
2.5.2 The Inverting Integrator 89
2.5.3 The Op-Amp Differentiator 94
2.6 DC Imperfections 96
2.6.1 Offset Voltage 96
2.6.2 Input Bias and Offset Currents 100
2.6.3 Effect of VOS and IOS on the Operation
of the Inverting Integrator 103
2.7 Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain and
Bandwidth on Circuit Performance 105
2.7.1 Frequency Dependence of the
Open-Loop Gain 105
2.7.2 Frequency Response of Closed-Loop
Amplifiers 107
vi
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Contents vii
2.8 Large-Signal Operation of Op Amps 110
2.8.1 Output Voltage Saturation 110
2.8.2 Output Current Limits 110
2.8.3 Slew Rate 112
2.8.4 Full-Power Bandwidth 114
Summary 115
Problems 116
3 Semiconductors 134
Introduction 135
3.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 136
3.2 Doped Semiconductors 139
3.3 Current Flow in Semiconductors 142
3.3.1 Drift Current 142
3.3.2 Diffusion Current 145
3.3.3 Relationship between D and μ 148
3.4 The pn Junction 148
3.4.1 Physical Structure 149
3.4.2 Operation with Open-Circuit
Terminals 149
3.5 The pn Junction with an Applied
Voltage 155
3.5.1 Qualitative Description of Junction
Operation 155
3.5.2 The Current–Voltage Relationship of
the Junction 158
3.5.3 Reverse Breakdown 162
3.6 Capacitive Effects in the pn Junction 164
3.6.1 Depletion or Junction
Capacitance 164
3.6.2 Diffusion Capacitance 166
Summary 168
Problems 171
4 Diodes 174
Introduction 175
4.1 The Ideal Diode 176
4.1.1 Current–Voltage Characteristic 176
4.1.2 A Simple Application: The
Rectifier 177
4.1.3 Another Application: Diode Logic
Gates 180
4.2 Terminal Characteristics of Junction
Diodes 184
4.2.1 The Forward-Bias Region 184
4.2.2 The Reverse-Bias Region 189
4.2.3 The Breakdown Region 190
4.3 Modeling the Diode Forward
Characteristic 190
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4.3.1 The Exponential Model 190
4.3.2 Graphical Analysis Using the
Exponential Model 191
4.3.3 Iterative Analysis Using the
Exponential Model 191
4.3.4 The Need for Rapid Analysis 192
4.3.5 The Constant-Voltage-Drop
Model 193
4.3.6 The Ideal-Diode Model 194
4.3.7 The Small-Signal Model 195
4.3.8 Use of the Diode Forward Drop in
Voltage Regulation 200
4.4 Operation in the Reverse Breakdown
Region—Zener Diodes 202
4.4.1 Specifying and Modeling the Zener
Diode 203
4.4.2 Use of the Zener as a Shunt
Regulator 204
4.4.3 Temperature Effects 206
4.4.4 A Final Remark 207
4.5 Rectifier Circuits 207
4.5.1 The Half-Wave Rectifier 208
4.5.2 The Full-Wave Rectifier 210
4.5.3 The Bridge Rectifier 212
4.5.4 The Rectifier with a
Filter Capacitor—The Peak
Rectifier 213
4.5.5 Precision Half-Wave Rectifier—The
Superdiode 219
4.6 Limiting and Clamping Circuits 221
4.6.1 Limiter Circuits 221
4.6.2 The Clamped Capacitor or DC
Restorer 224
4.6.3 The Voltage Doubler 226
4.7 Special Diode Types 227
4.7.1 The Schottky-Barrier Diode
(SBD) 227
4.7.2 Varactors 228
4.7.3 Photodiodes 228
4.7.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 228
Summary 229
Problems 230
5 MOS Field-Effect Transistors
(MOSFETs) 246
Introduction 247
5.1 Device Structure and Physical
Operation 248
5.1.1 Device Structure 248
5.1.2 Operation with Zero Gate
Voltage 250
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viii Contents
5.1.3 Creating a Channel for Current
Flow 250
5.1.4 Applying a Small v DS 252
5.1.5 Operation as v DS Is Increased 256
5.1.6 Operation for v DS ≥ VOV:
Channel Pinch-Off and Current
Saturation 258
5.1.7 The p-Channel MOSFET 261
5.1.8 Complementary MOS or
CMOS 263
5.1.9 Operating the MOS Transistor in the
Subthreshold Region 264
5.2 Current–Voltage Characteristics 264
5.2.1 Circuit Symbol 264
5.2.2 The iD –v DS Characteristics 265
5.2.3 The iD –v GS Characteristic 267
5.2.4 Finite Output Resistance in
Saturation 271
5.2.5 Characteristics of the p-Channel
MOSFET 274
5.3 MOSFET Circuits at DC 276
5.4 The Body Effect and Other Topics 288
5.4.1 The Role of the Substrate—The Body
Effect 288
5.4.2 Temperature Effects 289
5.4.3 Breakdown and Input
Protection 289
5.4.4 Velocity Saturation 290
5.4.5 The Depletion-Type MOSFET 290
Summary 291
Problems 292
6 Bipolar Junction Transistors
(BJTs) 304
Introduction 305
6.1 Device Structure and Physical
Operation 306
6.1.1 Simplified Structure and Modes of
Operation 306
6.1.2 Operation of the npn Transistor in the
Active Mode 307
6.1.3 Structure of Actual Transistors 315
6.1.4 Operation in the Saturation
Mode 316
6.1.5 The pnp Transistor 318
6.2 Current–Voltage Characteristics 320
6.2.1 Circuit Symbols and Conventions 320
6.2.2 G
raphical Representation of
Transistor Characteristics 325
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6.2.3 D
ependence of iC on the Collector
Voltage—The Early Effect 326
6.2.4 A
n Alternative Form of the CommonEmitter Characteristics 329
6.3 BJT Circuits at DC 333
6.4 Transistor Breakdown and Temperature
Effects 351
6.4.1 Transistor Breakdown 351
6.4.2 Dependence of β on IC and
Temperature 353
Summary 354
Problems 355
7 Transistor Amplifiers 366
Introduction 367
7.1 Basic Principles 368
7.1.1 The Basis for Amplifier
Operation 368
7.1.2 Obtaining a Voltage Amplifier 369
7.1.3 The Voltage-Transfer Characteristic
(VTC) 370
7.1.4 Obtaining Linear Amplification by
Biasing the Transistor 371
7.1.5 The Small-Signal Voltage Gain 374
7.1.6 Determining the VTC by Graphical
Analysis 380
7.1.7 Deciding on a Location for the Bias
Point Q 381
7.2 Small-Signal Operation and
Models 383
7.2.1 The MOSFET Case 383
7.2.2 The BJT Case 399
7.2.3 Summary Tables 420
7.3 Basic Configurations 423
7.3.1 The Three Basic Configurations 423
7.3.2 Characterizing Amplifiers 424
7.3.3 The Common-Source (CS)
and Common-Emitter (CE)
Amplifiers 426
7.3.4 The Common-Source (CommonEmitter) Amplifier with a Source
(Emitter) Resistance 431
7.3.5 The Common-Gate (CG)
and the Common-Base (CB)
Amplifiers 439
7.3.6 The Source and Emitter
Followers 442
7.3.7 Summary Tables and
Comparisons 452
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